Sampling groundwater, treatment, bottle washing, and filled/capped mineral water at bottling facilities using reusable glass bottles.
Source details
Jana Weisser, Irina Beer, Benedikt Hufnagl, Thomas Hofmann, Hans Lohninger, Natalia P. Ivleva, Karl Glas. Water. 2021.
Findings
Particle concentrations rose after filling and capping. Chemical similarity to polyethylene cap seals and low findings in uncapped controls supported cap abrasion as a source in these facilities. A glass bottle body did not prevent plastic entry from closures.
Scroll horizontally for methods and measurement limits.
| Reported result | Conditions | Size context | Original locator |
|---|---|---|---|
| 317 ± 257 confirmed plastic particles/L | Filled and capped reusable glass mineral-water bottles at sampled facilities; sample category V | ≥11 µm validated imaging cutoff | PDF p. 9 §3.2; Figure 4 p. 10 |
Methods and scope
FPA-FTIR imaging and random-decision-forest classification with manual review; sampled filter areas extrapolated to full-filter totals. Polymer size-detection tests, recovery checks, and procedural blanks were reported. Sample-type limits of detection were calculated from blank means and variability. Below-limit results were termed free of MPs by authors; this synthesis uses below detection limit instead.
What this source can support
Direct process-tracing evidence with strong quality-control detail, specific to the sampled bottling lines and size window.
Facilities and reusable-glass systems are selected, not a representative bottled-water market survey. Findings depend on blank-based thresholds, selected filter areas, model classification, and particle recovery. No nanoplastic measurement or clinical outcome. High nonplastic counts were separated from plastic results.
Related evidence
Reported values and source locations
| Reported value | Measurement basis | Conditions and size context | Original document location |
|---|---|---|---|
| 317 ± 257 confirmed plastic particles/L | Mean ± SD, reported across sampled capped-bottle findings | Filled and capped reusable glass mineral-water bottles at sampled facilities; sample category V ≥11 µm validated imaging cutoff | PDF p. 9 §3.2; Figure 4 p. 10 |
Source provenance
Primary PDF SHA-256: 6f1a18e62816b58523a2eb5aea1a62549173db91e4dfa3742383d8ab939ecc58
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